Adrienne Holloway
Technology Policy

The Undersea Cable Map Nobody Wants You to See

How the geography of internet infrastructure became a geopolitical fault line.

Adrienne Holloway · May 28, 2025 · 16 min
Lead image

TeleGeography undersea cable map, 2025.

On the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, at a depth of roughly 3,000 metres, a bundle of optical fibres carries the emails, the TikToks, the bank transfers, and the classified government communications of the Western world. It is not classified. You can look up the route on TeleGeography's public cable map. The coordinates of the landing stations are known.

That changed sometime around 2022, when the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline made European security establishments think seriously about what else runs under the sea. The answer — for anyone who cared to look — was everything.

"We don't think of cables as infrastructure the way we think of highways or power lines, because we don't see them. But remove them and the global economy stops in minutes, not days."

The governance of undersea cables has never caught up with their strategic importance. The cables are regulated as telecommunications equipment. Repairs are handled by a small cartel of specialized ships — there are roughly fifty capable vessels worldwide. There is no meaningful international framework for protecting them.

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